Impact Analysis of Duck Curve Phenomena with Renewable Energies and Storage Technologies
by Giovani Manuel Pitra, Kameswara Subrahmanya Sastry Musti * 
Namibia University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Windhoek West, Windhoek, 13388, Namibia
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, Volume 1, Issue 5, Page # 52-60, 2022; DOI: 10.55708/js0105006
Keywords: Solar Energy, Renewable energy technologies, Energy Storage Technologies, System Advisory Model, IRENA FlexTool, Unit commitment
Received: 28 February 2022, Revised: 30 March 2022, Accepted: 03 April 2022, Published Online: 12 May 2022
APA Style
Pitra, G. M., & Musti, K. S. S. (2022). Impact Analysis of Duck Curve Phenomena with Renewable Energies and Storage Technologies. Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, 1(5), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.55708/js0105006
Chicago/Turabian Style
Pitra, Giovani Manuel, and Kameswara Subrahmanya Sastry Musti. “Impact Analysis of Duck Curve Phenomena with Renewable Energies and Storage Technologies.” Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences 1, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 52–60. https://doi.org/10.55708/js0105006.
IEEE Style
G. M. Pitra and K. S. S. Musti, “Impact Analysis of Duck Curve Phenomena with Renewable Energies and Storage Technologies,” Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 52–60, May 2022, doi: 10.55708/js0105006.
When higher quantities of solar energy is injected into power grid, then it is likely to result in what is known as “Duck curve phenomena”. The net load under this phenomenon is negative and thus energy generation needs to be curtailed during the peak hours and also a part of the load during off-peak hours cannot be met. Due to several economical and technical challenges, the environmentally friendly solar energy source will be switched-off during the peak hours. Analyzing the impact of duck curve on a system can be challenging. This paper presents a novel methodology to analyze the duck curve phenomena and to mitigate its effects. The proposed methodology requires two popular, open source software tools – IRENA FlexTool and System Advisory Model (SAM). SAM is used to obtain the data for solar energy production and FlexTool is used carryout the optimal energy dispatch. A 4-bus power system is considered with base load plants, renewable energy sources and energy storage facilities. Then the proposed methodology is applied on this system to analyze the impact of duck curve to demonstrate the effectiveness of both the methodology and the open-source tools.
- G. M. Pitra and K. S. S. Musti, “Duck Curve with Renewable Energies and Storage Technologies,” 13th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), pp. 66-71, 2021, doi: 10.1109/CICN51697.2021.9574671.
- California Independent System Operator (2017), “Impacts of renewable energy on grid operations,” Folsom
- Hou, Q., Zhang, N., Du, E., Miao, M., Peng, F., & Kang, C, “Probabilistic duck curve in high PV penetration power system: Concept, modeling, and empirical analysis in China”. Applied Energy, 242(February), 205–215, 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.067.
- Obi, M., & Bass, R.,”Trends and challenges of grid-connected photovoltaic systems – A review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 1082–1094, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.289.
- Du, E., Zhang, N., Hodge, B., Kang, C., & Kroposki, B., “Economic justification of concentrating solar power in high renewable energy penetrated power systems”, Applied Energy, pp.649-661, 222(May) 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.161.
- Doroshenko, M., Keshav, S., & Rosenberg, C., “Flattening the duck curve using grid-friendly solar panel orientation”. Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems, 375–377, 2018, doi:10.1145/3208903.3212029.
- Kusakana, K., “Optimal scheduling for distributed hybrid system with pumped hydro storage”. Energy Conversion and Management, 111, 253–260, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.12.081.
- H. O. R. Howlader, M. Furukakoi, H. Matayoshi and T. Senjyu, “Duck curve problem solving strategies with thermal unit commitment by introducing pumped storage hydroelectricity & renewable energy,” IEEE 12th Int. Conf. (PEDS), pp. 502-506, 2017, doi: 10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289132.
- K. S. S. Musti, “Quantification of Demand Response in Smart Grids,” IEEE International Conference INDISCON, pp. 278-282, 2020, doi: 10.1109/INDISCON50162.2020.00063.
- Denholm, P., Wan, Y., Hummon, M., & Mehos, M., “The value of CSP with thermal energy storage in the western United”. Energy Procedia, 49, 1622–1631, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.171.
- M.K.S. Sastry, “Integrated Outage Management System: an effective solution for power utilities to address customer grievances”, Int. Journal of Electronic Customer Relationship Management, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.30 – 40, 2007, doi: 10.1504/IJECRM.2007.014424
- Yan He, Nick Jenkins, Jianzhong Wu, “Smart Metering for Outage Management of Electric Power Distribution Networks”, Energy Procedia, Vol. 103, pp. 159-164, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.266
- Sastry. MKS, “Simplified algorithm to determine break point relays & relay coordination based on network topology”, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 772-775, 2005, doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2005.1464702.
- Hermanus L.R. van der Walt, Ramesh C. Bansal, Raj Naidoo, “PV based distributed generation power system protection: A review”, Renewable Energy Focus, Vol. 24, pp. 33-40, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ref.2017.12.002.
- E. Taibi et al., “Power system flexibility for the energy transition: Part 2”, IRENA FlexTool methodology, 2018, available online.
- Hayat, M. A., Shahnia, F., & Shafiullah, G. M.,”Improving Duck Curve Profile, Enabling Peak-shaving and Increasing Self-sufficiency by Properly Designing Community Solar Projects”. 9th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICPES47639.2019.9105403.
- Sheha, M., Mohammadi, K., & Powell, K., “Solving the duck curve in a smart grid environment using a non-cooperative game theory and dynamic pricing profiles”. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113102.
- Dall, E., Muller, G. H., Bailey, F., Jagau, R., Pfohl, A. R., Swart, J., Saenz, J. M., & Caballos, S. “CSP in Namibia – Solution to the “Duck Curve”?, AIP Conference Proceedings 2126, 070001, 2019, doi:10.1063/1.5117595.
- Zhipeng Zhang, Ran Li, Chen Zhao, Furong Li, “Cross-characterization of PV and Sunshine Profiles Based on Hierarchical Classification”, Energy Procedia, Vol. 103, pp. 15-21, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.242
- MKS Sastry, Jacqueline Bridge, Alvin Brown, Renee Williams, “Biomass Briquettes: A Sustainable and Environment Friendly Energy Option for the Caribbean”, Fifth International Symposium on Energy, Puerto Rico Energy Center-LACCEI, February 7-8, 2013, Puerto Rico.
- K. S. Sastry Musti, “Circular Economy in Energizing Smart Cities”, Chapter in Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Development and Opportunities in Circular Economy, 2020, doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-5116-5.ch013
- Kashif Javed, Haroon Ashfaq & Rajveer Singh, “Optimized Load Profile & Cost Analysis of Stand-alone Photovoltaic System for Rural Power Applications in Indian Scenario”, Smart Science, 6:3, 245-255, 2018, doi: 10.1080/23080477.2018.1466678
- Sastry Musti K.S., Paulus G.N.T., Katende J., “A Novel Framework for Energy Audit Based on Crowdsourcing Principles”, Springer, 2021, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-77841-5_11.
- H. O. R. Howlader, M. M. Sediqi, A. M. Ibrahimi and T. Senjyu, “Optimal Thermal Unit Commitment for Solving Duck Curve Problem by Introducing CSP, PSH and Demand Response,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 4834-4844, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2790967.
- Haberschusz, D., Kairies, K. P., Wessels, O., Magnor, D., & Sauer, D. U., “Are PV Battery Systems Causing Ramping Problems in the German Power Grid? ” Energy Procedia, 135, 424–433, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.512.
- K. S. Sastry Musti, Helvi Iileka, Fenni Shidhika, “Industry 4.0 Based Enterprise Information System for Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency”, Chapter in Novel Approaches to Information Systems Design, 2020, doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2975-1.ch007.
- Šćekić, L., Mujović, S., & Radulović, V., “Pumped hydroelectric energy storage as a facilitator of renewable energy in liberalized electricity market”. Energies, 13(22), 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13226076.
- E. Taibi, C. Fernandez, L. Gutierrez, J. Kiviluoma, and T. J. Lindroos, “Colombia power system flexibility assessment: IRENA FlexTool case study”, October, 2018, ISBN: 978-92-9260-085-3
- M. K. S. Sastry and A. Sahadeo, “Distributed Cloud Computing Based GIS Solution for Electrical Power Utility Asset Management,” International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), pp. 832-838, 2015, doi: 10.1109/CICN.2015.169.
